A comparative perspective on brucellar, pyogenic, and tuberculous spondylodiscitis.

OBJECTIVE: Non-specific features of spondylodiscitis lead to a delay and challenge in the diagnosis/differential diagnosis/treatment processes, and thus, serious complications may arise. This study aims to compare brucellar, pyogenic, and tuberculous types of spondylodiscitis, considering their demographic, clinical, and laboratory differences. This may provide more rapid management and good outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 131 patients with infectious spondylodiscitis were included in the study. The patients were divided into brucellar (n=63), pyogenic (n=53), and tuberculous (n=15) types of spondylodiscitis and compared for demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging features. RESULTS: Tuberculous spondylodiscitis had higher scores for weight loss, painless palpation, thoracic spine involvement, and psoas abscess formation than other spondylodiscitis. Also, tuberculous spondylodiscitis had higher rates of neurologic deficit and lower rates of lumbar involvement than brucellar spondylodiscitis. Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is more likely to occur in patients who have a history of spine surgery compared to other forms of spondylodiscitis. Also, pyogenic spondylodiscitis had higher rates of fever, erythema, paraspinal abscess, white blood cell (WBC), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) than brucellar spondylodiscitis. On the other hand, brucellar spondylodiscitis had higher rates of rural living and sweating than pyogenic spondylodiscitis. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss, painless palpation, involved thoracic spine, psoas abscess, and neurologic deficit are symptoms favoring tuberculous spondylodiscitis. History of spine surgery, high fever, skin erythema, and paraspinal abscess are findings in favor of pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Rural living, sweating, and involved lumbar spine are symptoms that indicate brucellar spondylodiscitis. These symptoms can be used to distinguish the types of spondylodiscitis.

Ruxolitinib associated psoas muscle tuberculosis abscess in a primary myelofibrosis woman: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Primary myelofibrosis is a subtype of myeloproliferative neoplasm that leads to bone marrow fibrosis. Historically, the only curative option for primary myelofibrosis was allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, is now used for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera. It effectively improves symptoms related to splenomegaly and anemia. However, its association with the development of opportunistic infections has been observed in clinical studies and practical application. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 64-year-old female with primary myelofibrosis and chronic hepatitis B infection who received ruxolitinib treatment. She was admitted for spiking fever and altered consciousness. DIAGNOSIS: Tuberculosis meningitis was suspected but cerebrospinal fluid can't identify any pathogens. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a left psoas abscess and an enlarged spleen. A computed tomography-guided pus drainage procedure was performed, showing a strong positive acid-fast stain and a positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction result. INTERVENTIONS: antituberculosis medications were administered. The patient developed a psoas muscle abscess caused by tuberculosis and multiple dermatomes of herpes zoster during antituberculosis treatment. OUTCOMES: The patient was ultimately discharged after 6 weeks of treatment without apparent neurological sequelae. LESSONS: This case underscores the importance of clinicians evaluating latent infections and ensuring full vaccination prior to initiating ruxolitinib-related treatment for primary myelofibrosis.

Successful treatment of a unique case of solitary primary iliopsoas abscess caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Iliopsoas abscess, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, occurs via the bloodstream or spread from adjacent infected organs. Although a few cases regarding primary iliopsoas abscess caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) with accompanying disseminated foci have been reported to date, there has been no case report on solitary primary iliopsoas abscess caused by SDSE. PATIENT CONCERNS: An 85-year-old Japanese woman presented with worsening right hip pain and fever after an exercise. Hip computed tomography revealed a right iliopsoas abscess (iliac fossa abscess), and intravenous cefazolin was started as a treatment based on the creatinine clearance level on admission. DIAGNOSES: Blood cultures were positive for ß-hemolytic Lancefield group G gram-positive cocci arranged in long chains, which were identified as SDSE by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. No other disseminated foci were found upon performing whole computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography. The patient was diagnosed with an SDSE solitary iliopsoas abscess. INTERVENTIONS: The antimicrobial was appropriately switched to intravenous ampicillin on day 2, with the dosage adjusted to 2 g every 6 hours based on the preadmission creatinine clearance, followed by oral amoxicillin (1500 mg, daily). OUTCOMES: The abscess disappeared without drainage on day 39, and the patient remained disease-free without recurrence or sequelae during a 6-month follow-up period. LESSONS: SDSE can cause a solitary primary iliopsoas abscess, which can be successfully treated with an appropriate dose of antimicrobials without draining the abscess.

Delayed iliopsoas abscess following COVID-19 pneumonia.

Bacterial co-infection has been reported to contribute to a poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. However, iliopsoas abscess (IPA) has not been previously reported as a comorbidity during the course of COVID-19. We report two cases of IPA in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Both patients required prolonged immunosuppressive therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia and developed bacteremia due to Serratia marcescens in one and Staphylococcus aureus in the other. Although immunosuppressive therapy is commonly used for COVID-19 pneumonia with hypoxemia, the comorbidity of IPA may have been underestimated in these cases.

Psoas abscess in pregnancy: a review of the literature and suggestion of minimally invasive treatment options.

AIM: Less than a dozen cases of psoas abscesses in pregnancy have been described in the literature. We reviewed the literature when treating a patient with a psoas abscess after ipsilateral double J-ureteral stent placement (in the following: "double J-stent") due to infected hydronephrosis. METHODS: In January 2022, this review was searched using the Pubmed/MEDLINE database and the mesh terms "Psoas Abscess" AND "Pregnancy". Studies were included in any language and of all years, describing a psoas abscess during pregnancy. When patients did not have a psoas abscess, the abscess occurred after pregnancy, or when there was no full text available, the article was excluded. MAIN RESULTS: Ten case reports about patients with psoas abscesses during pregnancy were included. The classical symptomatic triad of psoas muscle abscess included lower back pain, limping and persistent fever with daily spikes. However, in most cases, not all three symptoms can be found. Especially, fever is absent in more than half of the patients. Psoas abscesses are described between 13 and 39 weeks of gestation. Primary psoas abscesses with haematogenous spread are more common during pregnancy than secondary with spread per continuitatem. In the literature, the main reasons for psoas abscess are spinal tuberculosis, drug abuse or underlying diseases such as Crohn's disease. It is not uncommon for the definite cause to be unclear. Regarding the patient's symptoms, pyelonephritis is often considered a possible aetiology. In general, the main treatment options include antibiotic treatment and abscess drainage. There is no higher caesarean section rate, and no negative outcome for the foetus has been described. CASE PRESENTATION: In our patient, a 38-year-old obese Caucasian woman, who had received a left double J-stent for infected hydronephrosis at 15 weeks of gestation, we successfully treated a psoas abscess of 20 × 10 cm with a sonographically assisted abscess drainage and antibiotics. The further course of pregnancy and the elective repeat caesarean section at 38 + 0 weeks of gestation were without any problems. Double J-stent placement and laser stone lithotripsy during puerperium were performed because of recurrent urolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare, psoas abscesses can occur during pregnancy, and it has often been treated surgically in the past. A psoas abscess as a complication after infected hydronephrosis and intervention during pregnancy has never been reported in the literature. Even for obese patients, minimally invasive therapy may be a treatment option that has rarely been reported in the literature.

Campylobacter fetus-induced primary psoas abscess in patient with gouty arthritis: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Campylobacter fetus is rare pathogen with high mortality rate in immunosuppressive hosts. This study aimed to summarize clinical and pathological presentation of C fetus induced psoas abscess. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 66-year-old male patient with long medical history of poorly-controlled gouty arthritis and steroid intake complained of a severe low back pain. Physical examination showed tenderness in his psoas. DIAGNOSES: The patient underwent puncture biopsy to the lesion in the psoas under ultrasound guidance. The lesion was indicated as abscess by pathological examination, and its pathogen was indicated as C fetus by the next generation sequencing. INTERVENTIONS: Meropenem 1 g q8.h were administered intravenously for 10 days. Then the antibiotic treatment was switched to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium 0.375g q.8.h and levofloxacin 0.5g q.d oral administration when discharge. OUTCOMES: The patient's fever and low back pain improved and infectious parameters declined. He was discharged in good general condition with advice for further monitoring and therapy. In the first month follow-up, the patient did not report recurrence or aggravation of his symptoms. LESSONS: C fetus should be noticed in immunosuppressive patient with exposure to livestock who present with rare systematic or local invasive infection. We advocated the meropenem for the first-line treatment against C fetus.

Polybacterial Iliopsoas Muscle Abscess as an Indication for Early Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease characterized by penetrations or fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract and abscesses in the surrounding tissues. Diagnosis of CD is difficult with an iliopsoas muscle abscess (IMA) as an initial presentation. CASE REPORT A 22-year-old Japanese man had right hip pain 17 days prior to admission. Because of worsening pain, he was admitted to our hospital. Physical examination revealed limitation of his right hip motion and a positive right psoas sign. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a large right IMA. Continuous drainage, which revealed polymicrobial pus, with intravenous administration of antibiotics dramatically decreased the size of the IMA. The drainage tube was removed on hospitalization day 9 because barium enema and contrast radiography of the abscess through the drainage tube showed no fistula. However, on day 19 of hospitalization, the IMA was redetected by abdominal CT. Continuous abscess drainage was resumed, and the third contrast radiograph of the abscess revealed contrast medium flow into the small intestine. Colonoscopy detected stenoses and circumferential ulceration of the terminal ileum. Histopathological examination of the ileum biopsy showed histocyte aggregation with lymphocyte or plasmacyte infiltration of the lamina propria, compatible with a CD diagnosis. Laparoscopic ileocecal resection was performed on day 64 of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Penetration of the intestinal tract caused by CD should be suspected in a patient with a polymicrobial IMA. It is essential to identify the fistula and subsequently perform surgical resection of the affected intestinal area.

Case Report: A spinal infection with bilateral psoas abscesses was treated with NPWT to enhance the local infection by increasing the infiltration of neutrophil cells and draining the pus.

Treatment of spinal brucellosis with bilateral psoas abscess is a challenging clinical endeavor. We retrospectively evaluated a case of lumbar infection and bilateral psoas abscess, and was effectively managed through a unilateral extreme lateral approach with the aid of NPWT for bilateral drainage. We hypothesize that NPWT can influence the Piezo1 receptor of neutrophils and further influence the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells to promote the clearance of infected lesions, and this phenomenon is also observed in pathological slides. This proves that NPWT can rapidly enhance the recruitment of neutrophils in the infected area and improve the local immune response, and after a year of reassessment and tracking, Bilateral drainage using NPWT via a unilateral Extreme Lateral Approach could acquire satisfactory surgical outcomes, can be used as a treatment modality for lumbar infection with bilateral psoas abscesses.

Unusual presentation of Pott disease and diagnostic challenges in a resource-limited setting: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pott disease is rare and responsible for only 1%-2% of all tuberculosis cases. It poses diagnostic challenges in resource-limited settings due to unusual presentation and limited investigative capacity, resulting in debilitating sequelae if diagnosed late. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of severe Pott disease of the lumbar spine, with a large paravertebral abscess tracking down to the gluteal region in a 27-year-old Black African Ugandan woman living with human immunodeficiency virus, whose main complaint was right lower abdominal pain. She was initially misdiagnosed from the peripheral clinics as a case of lumbago and later with a psoas abscess. The diagnosis of severe Pott disease was established at the regional referral hospital following an abdominal computed tomography scan, and the patient was appropriately initiated on anti-tuberculosis drugs. However, only abscess drainage and provision of a lumbar corset were possible, with no neurosurgical intervention done on the spine due to financial constraints. Clinical review at 2, 6, and 12 months revealed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Pott disease may present with non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain resulting from pressure effects of an expansile cold abscess. This, coupled with limited diagnostic capacity in resource-limited settings; results in significant morbidity and possible mortality. Hence, there is need to train clinicians to increase their index of suspicion and equip health units with basic radiological equipment, such as x-ray, for timely detection and subsequent management of Pott disease.

Endovascular Therapy of Aortic Rupture Secondary to a Psoas Abscess.

Secondary infection of the aorta is a sporadic and life-threatening disease. It is usually caused by infection and abscess in an adjacent structure. The most common mechanism for secondary aortic infection is a psoas abscess eroding the aortic wall, which rarely results in non-aneurysmal aortic rupture. Primary treatment is surgical aortic reconstruction, but the risk of emergency surgical treatment is high. Endovascular aortic stent-graft implantation can be lifesaving in this setting by stopping the bleeding. However, the crucial question of durability and late infections remains unanswered and warrants long-term antibiotic treatment and follow-up. In this report, we present a case of primary psoas abscess, which resulted in non-aneurysmal aortic rupture and its endovascular treatment.

Emphysematous cystitis, iliopsoas abscess, and pneumorrhachis in an elderly woman: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Emphysematous cystitis is a well-described life threatening complication of urinary tract infection, most commonly seen in patients with diabetes and typically caused by gas forming bacterial or fungal pathogens. Pneumorrhachis is the rare finding of gas within the spinal canal, most commonly reported in the context of cerebrospinal fluid leakage secondary to trauma or spinal instrumentation. To our knowledge there is only one other reported case of pneumorrhachis in the setting of emphysematous cystitis. CASE PRESENTATION: This is a single case report of pneumorrhachis in the setting of emphysematous cystitis. An 82-year-old Asian female patient originally from East Asia, with no prior medical history besides hypertension, presented to hospital with a chief complaint of acute on chronic neck pain and functional decline. Examination revealed nonspecific neurosensory deficits and suprapubic tenderness. Laboratory investigations demonstrated leukocytosis and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase containing Escherichia coli bacteremia and bacteriuria. Computed tomography showed emphysematous cystitis with widespread gas within the cervical and lumbar spinal canal, as well as multiple gas-containing soft tissue collections in the bilateral psoas muscles and paraspinal soft tissues. Despite prompt antimicrobial therapy the patient passed away within 48 hours from septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Our case adds to a growing body of literature showing that the spread of air to distant sites, including the spine, may be a poor prognostic indicator in patients with gangrenous intraabdominal infections. This report highlights the importance of recognizing the causes and presentation of pneumorrhachis to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of potentially life threatening and treatable causes.

Absceso del psoas secundario a tuberculosis vertebral / Psoas abscess secondary to vertebral tuberculosis

Introducción: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 29 años con absceso del psoas bilateral secundario a tuberculosis vertebral. El absceso del psoas no suele ser frecuente en pacientes con tuberculosis extrapulmonar y principalmente con la enfermedad de Pott, pero cuando aparece suele ser subdiagnosticado debido a la inespecificidad de sus manifestaciones clínicas. Objetivos: Abordaje clínico-quirúrgico del absceso del psoas secundario a la tuberculosis vertebral, o Mal de Pott. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda bibliográfica efectuada en pubmed. Relato de caso clínico: registro clínico y fotográfico, evolución, presentación de: resultados laboratoriales y de métodos auxiliares y tratamiento. Resultados: Síntomas presentados por un paciente de 29 años: dolor abdominal, dolor en miembro inferior, lumbalgia, expectoración sanguinolenta, dificultad en la deambulación, y cuadro respiratorio previo y síntomas constitucionales como pérdida de peso, anorexia, astenia. Con base en la anamnesis, examen físico y hallazgos en exámenes específicos, se pudo lograr el diagnóstico de absceso del psoas secundario a la tuberculosis vertebral. El tratamiento farmacológico seguido fue el propuesto por la OMS para la Tuberculosis más punción del absceso para drenaje y cultivo del mismo, con catéter multipropósito. El paciente tuvo una evolución favorable y posterior a la intervención neuroquirúrgica fue dado de alta. Conclusión: El paciente evolucionó de forma favorable, y las medidas aplicadas en el desarrollo de su enfermedad, fueron oportunas.

Introduction: We present de case of a 29 year old male patient with bilateral psoas abscess secondary to vertebral tuberculosis. Psoas abscess is not usually frequent in patient with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and specially Pott's disease, but when it appears it is usually under diagnosed due to non-specificic clinical manifestations. Objectives: Clinical-surgical approach to psoas abscess secondary to vertebral tuberculosis, or Pott's disease. Materials and methods: Bibliographic search carried out in pubmed. Case report: clinical and photographic record, evolution and presentations of laboratory results, diagnostic auxiliary methods and treatment. Results: Symptoms presented by a 29 years old patient: abdominal pain, lower limb pain, low back pai, bloody expectoration, difficulty walking and previous respiratory and constitutional symptoms sucha as weight loss, anorexia, asthenia. Based on the clinicalhistory, physical examination and findins in specific tests, the diagnosis of psoas abscess secondary to vertebral tuberculosis could be achieved. The pharmacological treatment followed was the one proposed by WHO for tuberculosis, plus the drainage and culture of the abscess, with a multipurpose catheter. The patient had a favorable evolution and after the neurosurgical intervetntion he was discharged. Conclusion: The patient evolved favorably, and the measures applied in the development of his disease were appropriate.

Late-onset spondylodiscitis and psoas abscess, 5 years after percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty: a case report.

Postoperative infection following percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty (PBK) is a rare complication and delayed onset infection is very rare. We report the case of a 62-year-old male, who developed spondylodiscitis and psoas abscess 5 years after two-level, L2 and L3 PBK. He was initially treated with abscess aspiration and long term antimicrobial treatment. Eventually, due to failure of conservative treatment he underwent anterior decompression, radical debridement of the infected tissue and non-instrumented fusion with strut graft, with excellent results.

Disseminated Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent State: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases of mankind and remains a significant health concern, especially in developing countries. Clinical manifestations of TB are broad and sometimes very challenging for clinicians to diagnose early. Tuberculous psoas abscess was generally secondary to spinal tuberculosis or direct extension from adjacent structures in immunocompromised individuals, but tuberculous psoas abscess in the immunocompetent state is very infrequent. In addition, pancytopenia and new onset neck swelling simultaneously make this presentation a very unusual clinical entity in tuberculosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We now present a case of a 21-years-old, unmarried, otherwise healthy girl presented with fever, lower abdominal pain and weight loss for two months. She also noticed painless neck swelling for 15 days. She later had a tuberculous left sided psoas abscess with pancytopenia and a cold abscess on the left side of the neck with no sign of any other apparent focus, according to the evidence. Diagnosis of disseminated TB without lung involvement was established and ATT was started. The outcome was successful on follow up. CONCLUSION: Among the broad spectrum of atypical manifestations of TB, this case report draws attention to its rarity, diagnostic challenge and awareness of the clinical spectrum, especially in developing countries.